GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELIEF IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF KRATOVO: MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS, RELIEF FORMS, AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Abstract

The Municipality of Kratovo has a morphogenetically diverse relief that was shaped through the long interaction between internal processes, such as tectonic movements and volcanic activity, and external processes, primarily river erosion and denudation. This paper aims to present a systematic overview of the dominant relief forms, their spatial distribution, and the contemporary geomorphological processes that control the ongoing landscape change. The study is based on the interpretation of topographic and geological maps, comparison of classical and recent scientific sources, and the synthesis of published field observations for the Kratovo-Zletovo volcanic area and the wider Osogovo region. The relief is differentiated into three main morphological units: a mountainous unit dominated by the Osogovo Mountains and adjacent ridges, a hilly unit developed on dissected volcanic and sedimentary terrains, and a lowland unit represented by narrow alluvial plains along the main river courses. Relief forms reflect several evolutionary phases, including fossil abrasion surfaces related to a former lake stage, fluvial forms (valleys, gorges, river terraces, and alluvial plains), and volcanic forms (cones and degraded craters). The fluvial network and valley incision are closely connected with the post-lake phase and renewed vertical movements, while the present-day dynamics are characterized by intensive erosion, gully development, and episodic torrential activity. These processes are strongly conditioned by lithology, slope gradients, temperature and precipitation regimes, vegetation cover, and human influence through deforestation and land-use practices. The results highlight areas where geomorphological sensitivity is the highest, especially within the Kriva Reka catchment, emphasizing the need for soil-protection measures, afforestation of exposed slopes, and integrated river-basin management. The presented synthesis can serve as a basis for further detailed mapping and for supporting spatial planning in a region with notable geoheritage and geohazard potential. The identified zones of increased erosive activity indicate the need for continuous monitoring of geomorphological processes and their impact on the environment. Integrating geomorphological knowledge into local development strategies can significantly contribute to the sustainable use of space. Such an approach represents an essential prerequisite for reducing geohazards and preserving the natural values of the Municipality of Kratovo. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the morphodynamic evolution of volcanic terrains in the eastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. They also provide a scientific framework for future interdisciplinary research focused on landscape stability, environmental protection, and the reduction of natural hazards