ANXIETY DISORDERS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric conditions that significantly disrupt an individual's psychosocial functioning. They are characterized by excessive and inappropriate anxiety, fear, and vegetative symptoms without a real threat. Biological, psychological, and social factors have been analyzed, as well as the role of traumatic childhood experiences. Anxiety is a normal emotional reaction which has an adaptive function, but when it becomes excessive and chronic, it turns into a pathological condition. Anxiety disorders are characterized by intense fear, insecurity, and a sense of threat without a real stimulus. They are among the most common psychiatric disorders, with a significant impact on quality of life and social functioning.
Anxiety disorders have a multifactorial etiology, with biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to their development. Biological mechanisms include genetic predisposition, imbalance of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, as well as structural and functional changes in brain regions, particularly the amygdala and hippocampus, which are responsible for processing emotions and fear. In addition to biological factors, psychological mechanisms also play an important role. Psychodynamic theories explain anxiety as a result of internal conflicts, repressed emotions, and inadequate coping strategies for dealing with stress. At the same time, social and environmental factors—such as chronic stress, social and economic instability, and a lack of social support—contribute significantly to the onset and maintenance of anxiety. Particularly significant is the role of traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse and neglect, which are associated with an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders. These experiences can cause long-term changes in the nervous system and increased amygdala reactivity, leading to a more intense stress response. These disorders often begin in adolescence and can severely impair daily functioning unless recognized and treated in time. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for effective treatment. Therapy includes pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic interventions, with cognitive-behavioral therapy playing a central role. The best results are achieved through a combined approach.