BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE BEFORE THE WAR OF 2022
Keywords:
Ukraine, Russia, Common history, Minsk 1 and Minsk 2 Protocol, Crimea occupationAbstract
Russia–Ukraine relations are bilateral international relations between Russia and Ukraine, two states bordering the post-Soviet space. The two countries share a long common medieval history. Kievan Rus' is the ancient political entity common to the history of the three modern East Slavic states: Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. By the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Cossack state was integrated into the Russian Empire but had a large degree of autonomy from the Russian state. Ukraine's autonomy was abolished at the end of the 18th century, under the reign of Catherine II. Following the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Ukraine experienced its first independence, which lasted until 1921. Following the breakup of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine regained its independence. Relations between Russia and Ukraine have been complex since the breakup of the USSR. They are punctuated by several economic disputes (gas conflicts). They have become significantly strained in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war since 2014, until reaching a state of undeclared war, due to the Crimean crisis, which saw Crimea and Sevastopol (Ukrainian territories since 1954) unilaterally annexed by the Russian Federation following the 2014 referendum, not recognized by the majority of the international community. They have also become strained due to the Donbass war, in which Russia is involved by waging a hybrid war. On February 24, 2022, the date of the start of the general Russian invasion of the country after a diplomatic crisis that began in March 2021, Ukraine broke off diplomatic relations with Russia. Aware of the dangers of a military conflict between Ukraine and Russia, the international community within the Council of Europe worked hard to find a peace agreement between the Kremlin and Kiev to find a peaceful solution. The Minsk Protocols were signed in 2014 and 2015, but they never came into force. In that way, the opportunity to prevent the military conflict in Ukraine was missed
References
Delanoe I. (2022). Ukraine crisis: Key peace talks in Minsk called off », BBC News, 26 décembre 2014
Dullin (2021). "The great country of small homelands", L'Histoire n°485-486, July-August 2021, p.80-88.
Goujon, A. (2005). "Does Ukraine exist?", L'Histoire n°295, February, p. 18, and, Viatteau Alexandra " The renaissance of Poland", L'Histoire n°453, November (2018).
Jérémie. R.,-Relevé (2014). de Le Plan de paix du Président de l’Ukraine P. Porochenko et les initiatives du Président russe V. Poutine , delegfrance-osce, 28 octobre.
Marie J.-J. (2021). "The Germans "liberators" of Ukraine?", L'Histoire n°252, March 2021, and a "The great country of small homelands",Dullin Sabine,(2021) L'Histoire n°485-486, July-August.
Nerard, F.-X., (2021).“Ukraine 1991”, François-Xavier Nérard, L’Histoire n°485-486, July-August , p.102.)
Nunez, L. (2014). Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea' , BBC News, 19 march 2014.
Ruisseau, N. (2018). RFI, « Escalade entre Kyïv et Moscou, trois navires ukrainiens capturés en mer Noire », sur rfi.fr, 26 novembre
Raviot, J.-R. (2022). Ukraine : Poutine balaie les accords de Minsk, les premières sanctions occidentales dévoilées », sur France 24, 22 février.
Schaub,M.K. (2021)."Une immense mosaic eurasiatique", , L’Histoire n°485-486, July-August , p.25.
Verluise, P. (2008). « L'Holodomor de 1932-1933, une tragédie partagée » RIA Novosti 25 novembre Commémoration du Holodomor, la famine artificiellement provoquée en Ukraine (1932-1933)a texte adopté le jeudi 23 octobre 2008 par le Parlement européen.
Werth, N. (2021). « URSS : comment un empire implose », dans L’Histoire, n°485-486, juillet-août , page 95
Wheatcroft, S. (2004). « Toward explaining Soviet Famine of 1931-3: political and natural factors in perspective », Food and Foodways, p. 126« The disagreements concerning the causation of the famine is not so much concerned with the individual factors that caused the famine, but with their relative importance and how they influenced the concrete situation in certain locations at certain times. Most analyses fail to appreciate the complex buildup of the crisis into the famine and the separate factors that affected the separate stages.
