VARICOSE VEINS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Varicose veins of the lower extremities are one of the most common chronic diseases of the venous system, which significantly affects the quality of life of patients. The disease is characterized by dilation, elongation and insufficiency of the superficial veins as a result of damage to the venous valves and impaired venous flow. The occurrence is associated with several risk factors, including age, female gender, hereditary predisposition, obesity, pregnancy and prolonged standing or sitting. The most common symptoms are a feeling of heaviness in the legs, pain, swelling, night cramps and visibly dilated veins, while in the advanced stage trophic changes and venous ulcers may develop. Modern diagnostics is based on a detailed anamnesis, clinical examination and duplex-Doppler ultrasonography, which is the gold standard for assessing venous hemodynamics and planning therapy. Treatment depends on the clinical condition and stage of the disease and can be conservative or surgical. The conservative approach includes compression therapy, lifestyle changes and pharmacological agents, while minimally invasive procedures, such as endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation and sclerotherapy, provide high efficiency with faster recovery. In certain patients, there is still an indication for classical surgical intervention. Timely recognition of the disease, correct diagnostic assessment and individualized choice of therapy are key to reducing complications, improving functional status and preserving quality of life. Modern therapeutic approaches show high success rates and enable long-term control of symptoms and reducing the risk of relapse.
Patient education about the nature of the disease and the importance of regular physical activity plays a significant role in symptom control. Early initiation of therapy can slow the progression of chronic venous disease and reduce the need for more invasive interventions. Regular check-ups allow monitoring of venous function and timely detection of possible complications. A multidisciplinary approach, involving a vascular surgeon, an internist, and a nurse, contributes to better clinical outcomes and greater patient compliance with the recommended therapy. Modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods allow for an individualized approach and significant improvement in the daily functioning of patients with varicose veins.