TECHNIQUES FOR APPLYING MENTAL CALCULATION IN LEARNING NON-TABULAR MULTIPLICATION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION

Abstract

Mental calculation is a fundamental skill that plays an essential role both in everyday life and in the overall cognitive and mathematical development of students. Mental calculation refers to performing arithmetic operations with numbers in the mind. It is also a powerful tool for fostering intellectual flexibility and creativity. It requires students to select and apply diverse strategies for calculation, rather than limiting themselves to the mechanical following of algorithms. Since the focus of traditional education in Bulgarian schools is on written calculation algorithms and their formal application, the importance of mental arithmetic remains significantly underestimated. With the advancement of digital tools such as calculators and automatic calculation applications, children increasingly rely on ready-made information instead of developing their cognitive abilities through active engagement with numbers. While this facilitates daily tasks, it simultaneously poses a risk of limiting cognitive development, as the brain is not stimulated to develop and strengthen mental processes. Therefore, it is crucial in modern education to find new approaches and methods to encourage children's thinking and development through mental calculation. By implementing purposeful and thoughtful teaching, we can counteract the growing dependence on technology and create conditions for the holistic development of children's intellect. The decline in Bulgarian students' results in international tests clearly demonstrates the need to rethink educational methods and focus efforts on developing basic mathematical skills that will strengthen logical thinking and prepare students for successfully tackling more complex tasks. The purpose of this article is to present effective techniques and strategies for applying mental calculation in learning non-tabular multiplication in the primary stage, as well as some creative approaches that can intrigue young students and spark their curiosity, fostering a positive attitude toward mathematics. Through the presented techniques and their examples, the article aims to draw attention to the potential of mental calculation for improving mathematical literacy and preparing students to successfully face future challenges.