CLINICAL-LABORATORY MARKERS FOR EVIDENCE OF SEPSIS-MODERN ASPECTS

Abstract

Sepsis is a serious life-threatening condition leading to multiple organ failure caused by an unregulated response of the host's immune system to a particular infection. Sepsis can develop from any infectious focus in the body. Even today, this condition is a huge challenge for the intensive care units of medical facilities. It occurs in about 25% of cases in intensive care and intensive care units. The frequency of sepsis worldwide is estimated at approximately 30 million people per year. Approximately 30% of patients with sepsis and about 50% of those in the most severe condition, septic shock, die within a month. The clinical symptoms of sepsis are non-specific and often varied. This makes timely diagnosis difficult and uncertain. In this regard, for the last 20 years, work has been ongoing in search of the ideal biomarkers with sufficiently good analytical specificity and sensitivity to be investigated and to make an early and reliable diagnosis of this severe condition. The relevance and importance of the topic is due to the fact that finding the "ideal biomarker" with 100% specificity and diagnostic sensitivity will lead to early diagnosis and the making of the most effective and accurate medical decisions regarding the health and life of patients at risk. The aim of the article is to study and analyze biomarkers predictors of sepsis, their role in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic behavior in patients with sepsis and septic shock, as well as their presentation as reliable modern biomarkers in clinical-laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: The study included a survey of various documents and sources regarding the use of various biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock. Despite the still lack of an indicator with 100% sensitivity and specificity, the role of the Clinical Laboratory specialty in the diagnosis of these life-threatening conditions is constantly growing. For the success of the treatment, the speed of diagnosis of the syndrome, the identification of the causative agent, and the initiation of the correct antibiotic therapy are also important. In this regard, laboratory biomarkers are being sought that can reflect the condition of patients and the changes in the course of the disease early enough and reliably. This study used methods of analysis and theoretical reasoning based on the available scientific literature. Conclusions: Based on the scientific literature review, it is proven that despite extensive research in recent years, no single optimal biomarker has yet been found to rule out or confirm the diagnosis of sepsis and severe bacterial infection in adequate time intervals. According to modern studies, the most reliable marker for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of sepsis and bacterial infections is Procalcitonin (PCT). Studies continue in other directions to search for new markers predictors of sepsis and septic shock, but in modern medicine the most indicative remains Procalcitonin (PCT). It helps doctors to make an early and accurate diagnosis and apply the most effective treatment. It has been studied that early diagnosis of severe bacterial infections can lead to a reduction in mortality and morbidity among all patients. Effective diagnosis of bacterial infections allows physicians to initiate antibiotic therapy when necessary, thus preventing overuse of antibiotics, which leads to the development of resistance to antibacterial agents. In addition to PCT examination, the diagnosis of sepsis and severe infectious diseases should include an assessment of the entire complex of important signs and symptoms of infection.