ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL STIGMATIZATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Keywords:
sexual violence, social stigmatization, post-war context, stigma, international justice, support, public awarenessAbstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the social stigmatization of sexual violence victims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with particular emphasis on the post-war period. Through a detailed exploration of historical, sociological, psychological, and legal aspects of stigma, the study investigates strategies for mitigating its negative impact. Key theoretical frameworks are considered, including Goffman’s theory of stigma and feminist approaches, which provide a deeper understanding of the roots of stigmatization of sexual violence victims. The focus of the paper is on the systematic sexual violence committed during the Bosnian War (1992-1995), accompanied by statistical data on women and children born as a result of rape. Special attention is given to the role of international institutions, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), in recognizing and prosecuting these crimes. The analysis further addresses the causes of stigmatization, including patriarchal norms, religious beliefs, nationalism, and social pressures, noting that sexual violence is often perceived as an attack on the honor of the community, which exacerbates the position of victims. Additionally, the paper considers the collective trauma experienced by communities, which further contributes to the deepening of stigma, as sexual violence is used as a tool to destabilize social structures. The paper also examines the legal and institutional responses to the issue of stigmatization, including post-war legal frameworks, international standards, and the contributions of non-governmental organizations in providing necessary legal and psychological assistance. In terms of reducing stigmatization, the paper emphasizes the crucial role of education, public campaigns, and psychosocial support. It recommends ongoing reforms of legal and institutional frameworks, as well as the development of specific programs to assist victims in their reintegration into society, which would contribute to their recovery and long-term societal stability.
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