RETRAUMATIZATION OF CHILDREN BORN AS A RESULT OF SEXUAL WARTIME VIOLENCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Keywords:
retraumatization, sexual wartime violence, trauma, marginalization, stigmatization, resilienceAbstract
This paper analyzes the complex aspects of retraumatization experienced by children born as a result of sexual wartime violence during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992 1995), with a particular focus on their psychological, social, and identity dimensions. Psychological challenges such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation are examined within the context of intergenerational trauma transmission and the trauma endured by their mothers. Special attention is given to mechanisms such as the internalization of stigma, feelings of shame, and dissociation, as well as their role in shaping identity and attachment styles. Social factors contributing to the marginalization of these individuals, including negative community perceptions, cultural stereotypes, and systemic discrimination, further complicate their processes of social integration. Collective trauma in post conflict societies, normalization of violence, and a lack of sensitivity to the specific needs of victims exacerbate retraumatization. Additionally, the neurobiological implications of chronic trauma, including HPA axis dysfunction and changes in neural networks responsible for emotional regulation, are discussed as significant contributors to psychological outcomes. Within the developmental aspects, this study analyzes the impact of trauma across different stages of the life cycle, including difficulties in emotional development, interpersonal relationships, and adaptation to life challenges. Furthermore, the importance of resilience as a mitigating factor against the effects of chronic stress and trauma is emphasized, with a focus on strategies aimed at developing adaptive capacities. Key challenges in the rehabilitation and reintegration of this population are identified, including the lack of specialized psychosocial programs, inadequate implementation of legal frameworks, and fragmented institutional support. Recommended measures include the development of targeted psychosocial interventions, community education to reduce stigmatization, and the adaptation of international guidelines to the specific needs of post conflict societies. The analysis of the complex aspects of retraumatization spanning psychological, neurobiological, social, and cultural domains is essential for improving mental health, social inclusion, and the overall well being of children born as a result of sexual wartime violence. This paper provides a foundation for further research and the development of sustainable support strategies tailored to the specific challenges of this vulnerable population.
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