MODERN REVIEW OF THE TREATMENT OF PD (PERITONEAL DIALYSIS), CAPD (CONTINUED AMBULANT PERITONEAL DIALYSIS) AND APD (AUTOMATIZED PERITONEAL DIALYSIS)

Abstract

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective and widely accepted method for replacing renal function in patients with chronic renal failure, allowing continuous elimination of metabolic waste products and regulation of water and electrolyte balance. In modern clinical practice, PD is mainly performed through continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), which offer different possibilities for individualized therapy. CAPD is based on multiple daily changes of the dialysate, ensuring continuity of treatment and minimizing variations in metabolic parameters. APD, with automated nighttime application, facilitates patient interaction with the procedures and increases compliance, allowing greater comfort and flexibility. Modern research indicates significant progress in the development of biocompatible solutions, which preserve the peritoneal membrane and reduce the risk of inflammatory complications. In addition, innovations in catheterization techniques and monitoring of long-term changes allow for improved outcomes and long-term survival of patients. An individualized approach, combined with multidisciplinary care, which includes nephrologists, nurses, nutritionists and psychologists, is key to optimizing functional outcomes and quality of life. Modern models of PD provide integrated support, not only for the physiological needs, but also for the psychosocial well-being of patients, allowing them to live an active and independent life. In the long term, the prevention of complications, such as infections and sclerosing changes of the peritoneum, remains a priority in the management of PD. In this context, CAPD and APD are not just technical procedures, but complex therapeutic strategies, which require careful evaluation and adaptation to each patient. Advances in technology and dialysate solutions continue to expand the efficacy and safety of PD, allowing for better control of metabolic parameters and minimizing risks. Research focused on bioengineering, digital monitoring, and personalized therapy further advance the practice of PD. Modern strategies also integrate aspects of patient and family education, as well as psychological support, which is crucial for long-term adherence to treatment. In this way, PD is positioned as a central therapeutic option, which provides a balance between medical efficacy and quality of life for patients