OBSTACLES AND CHALLENGES IN WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP - REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND OTHER BALKAN COUNTRIES

Abstract

This paper explores the key obstacles and challenges that women face in the process of developing and achieving leadership roles in modern organizations. Although the representation of women in management positions is gradually increasing, structural, cultural and individual barriers still significantly limit their progress. The research is based on a combination of theoretical analysis and empirical data obtained through a survey conducted in private and public sectors. It identifies the most common factors that hinder female leadership, such as gender stereotypes, lack of mentoring support, limited opportunities for professional development, and balancing work responsibilities with family life. In addition, the paper analyzes internal challenges, including low self-esteem and insufficient representation in strategic decision-making processes. The results indicate that institutional support, inclusive organizational culture and development programs for women managers significantly improve access to leadership positions. The conclusion emphasizes that overcoming these barriers is necessary not only for gender equality, but also for fostering organizational effectiveness, innovation and sustainable growth. The paper identifies the main structural, cultural and institutional factors that contribute to the uneven representation of men and women in leadership positions, as well as determining the gender stereotypes and organizational culture that affect the professional development and advancement of women in leadership roles. Furthermore, it analyzes access to resources and opportunities, such as mentoring, training and leadership programs, and their role in creating or reducing gender differences. It also highlights recommendations for strategies and policies that organizations can implement to reduce the gender gap and foster equal opportunities for advancement. In conclusion, increasing the representation of women in leadership positions is not only a matter of gender equity, but also a strategic investment in organizational development, effectiveness, and innovation. Women leaders have the potential to increase their representation in leadership positions if they are provided with equal conditions for development. Overcoming obstacles is possible when there is coordinated action by institutions, organizations, and leaders themselves, creating a sustainable environment in which women can improve and develop their leadership roles.